Dead tuples exceed threshold causing table and index bloat

Dead tuples accumulate when autovacuum cannot keep pace with UPDATE and DELETE operations, leading to table and index bloat, slower queries, and excessive disk usage

Query pg_stat_user_tables to identify tables with high n_dead_tup counts. Check top 10 tables with 'SELECT relname AS table, n_dead_tup AS dead_rows FROM pg_stat_user_tables ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC LIMIT 10;'. For affected tables, tune autovacuum thresholds using ALTER TABLE or manually VACUUM during low-traffic periods.