Checkpoint frequency and duration impact write performance

Excessive checkpoint frequency or long checkpoint durations cause I/O spikes and performance degradation. Monitored through checkpoint timing and WAL generation metrics.

Review pgwatch checkpoint metrics or query pg_stat_bgwriter for checkpoint_timed vs checkpoint_req counts. If checkpoints are too frequent, increase checkpoint_timeout or max_wal_size. If durations are long, increase checkpoint_completion_target to spread I/O over longer periods.